Andreas Geiger (MPI Tübingen) | Philip Lenz (KIT) | Christoph Stiller (KIT) | Raquel Urtasun (University of Toronto)

Visual Odometry / SLAM Evaluation 2012


The odometry benchmark consists of 22 stereo sequences, saved in loss less png format: We provide 11 sequences (00-10) with ground truth trajectories for training and 11 sequences (11-21) without ground truth for evaluation. For this benchmark you may provide results using monocular or stereo visual odometry, laser-based SLAM or algorithms that combine visual and LIDAR information. The only restriction we impose is that your method is fully automatic (e.g., no manual loop-closure tagging is allowed) and that the same parameter set is used for all sequences. A development kit provides details about the data format.

From all test sequences, our evaluation computes translational and rotational errors for all possible subsequences of length (100,...,800) meters. The evaluation table below ranks methods according to the average of those values, where errors are measured in percent (for translation) and in degrees per meter (for rotation). A more detailed comparison for different trajectory lengths and driving speeds can be found in the plots underneath. Note: On 03.10.2013 we have changed the evaluated sequence lengths from (5,10,50,100,...,400) to (100,200,...,800) due to the fact that the GPS/OXTS ground truth error for very small sub-sequences was large and hence biased the evaluation results. Now the averages below take into account longer sequences and provide a better indication of the true performance. Please consider reporting these number for all future submissions. The last leaderboard right before the changes can be found here!

Important Policy Update: As more and more non-published work and re-implementations of existing work is submitted to KITTI, we have established a new policy: from now on, only submissions with significant novelty that are leading to a peer-reviewed paper in a conference or journal are allowed. Minor modifications of existing algorithms or student research projects are not allowed. Such work must be evaluated on a split of the training set. To ensure that our policy is adopted, new users must detail their status, describe their work and specify the targeted venue during registration. Furthermore, we will regularly delete all entries that are 6 months old but are still anonymous or do not have a paper associated with them. For conferences, 6 month is enough to determine if a paper has been accepted and to add the bibliography information. For longer review cycles, you need to resubmit your results.
Additional information used by the methods
  • Stereo: Method uses left and right (stereo) images
  • Laser Points: Method uses point clouds from Velodyne laser scanner
  • Loop Closure Detection: This method is a SLAM method that detects loop closures
  • Additional training data: Use of additional data sources for training (see details)
Method Setting Code Translation Rotation Runtime Environment
1 F-SLAM 0.00 % 0.0000 [deg/m] 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
2 V-LOAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.55 % 0.0013 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Zhang and S. Singh: Visual-lidar Odometry and Mapping: Low drift, Robust, and Fast. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation(ICRA) 2015.
3 LOAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.57 % 0.0013 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Zhang and S. Singh: LOAM: Lidar Odometry and Mapping in Real- time. Robotics: Science and Systems Conference (RSS) 2014.
4 IMLS-SLAM++
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.61 % 0.0014 [deg/m] 1.3 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
5 SOFT2
This method uses stereo information.
 0.65 % 0.0014 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
I. Cvišić, J. Ćesić, I. Marković and I. Petrović: SOFT-SLAM: Computationally Efficient Stereo Visual SLAM for Autonomous UAVs. Journal of Field Robotics 2017.
6 IMLS-SLAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.69 % 0.0018 [deg/m] 1.25 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Deschaud: IMLS-SLAM: Scan-to-Model Matching Based on 3D Data. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 2018.
7 MC2SLAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.69 % 0.0016 [deg/m] 0.1 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
F. Neuhaus, T. Koss, R. Kohnen and D. Paulus: MC2SLAM: Real-Time Inertial Lidar Odometry using Two-Scan Motion Compensation. German Conference on Pattern Recognition 2018.
8 Curvefusion
This method uses stereo information.
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.70 % 0.0016 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
9 ESO
This method uses stereo information.
 0.80 % 0.0026 [deg/m] 0.08 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
10 sGAN-VO 0.81 % 0.0025 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
11 LG-SLAM
This method uses stereo information.
 0.82 % 0.0020 [deg/m] 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
K. Lenac, J. Ćesić, I. Marković and I. Petrović: Exactly sparse delayed state filter on Lie groups for long-term pose graph SLAM. The International Journal of Robotics Research 2018.
12 RotRocc+
This method uses stereo information.
 0.83 % 0.0026 [deg/m] 0.25 s 2 cores @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Buczko and V. Willert: Flow-Decoupled Normalized Reprojection Error for Visual Odometry. 19th IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) 2016.
M. Buczko, V. Willert, J. Schwehr and J. Adamy: Self-Validation for Automotive Visual Odometry. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2018.
M. Buczko: Automotive Visual Odometry. 2018.
13 LIMO2_GP
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 0.84 % 0.0022 [deg/m] 0.2 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Graeter, A. Wilczynski and M. Lauer: LIMO: Lidar-Monocular Visual Odometry. arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.07524 2018.
14 UFSF-VLO
This method uses stereo information.
 0.84 % 0.0023 [deg/m] 0.05 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
15 CAE-LO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.86 % 0.0025 [deg/m] 2 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
16 GDVO
This method uses stereo information.
 0.86 % 0.0031 [deg/m] 0.09 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Zhu: Image Gradient-based Joint Direct Visual Odometry for Stereo Camera. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2017.
17 LIMO2
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 0.86 % 0.0022 [deg/m] 0.2 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Graeter, A. Wilczynski and M. Lauer: LIMO: Lidar-Monocular Visual Odometry. arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.07524 2018.
18 ICP_LO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.87 % 0.0036 [deg/m] 0.05 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
19 CPFG-slam
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.87 % 0.0025 [deg/m] 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
K. Ji and T. Huiyan Chen: CPFG-SLAM:a robust Simultaneous Localization and Mapping based on LIDAR in off-road environment. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2018.
20 CAE- LO 2 0.88 % 0.0029 [deg/m] 2 s >8 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
21 MLG-VSLAM+
This method uses stereo information.
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.88 % 0.0026 [deg/m] 0.8 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
22 SOFT
This method uses stereo information.
 0.88 % 0.0022 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
I. Cvišić and I. Petrović: Stereo odometry based on careful feature selection and tracking. European Conference on Mobile Robots (ECMR) 2015.
23 RotRocc
This method uses stereo information.
 0.88 % 0.0025 [deg/m] 0.3 s 2 cores @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Buczko and V. Willert: Flow-Decoupled Normalized Reprojection Error for Visual Odometry. 19th IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) 2016.
24 D^3VO 0.88 % 0.0021 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
25 scan-to-map PNDT-D2D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.89 % 0.0030 [deg/m] 0.5 s 4 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
26 DVSO 0.90 % 0.0021 [deg/m] 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
N. Yang, R. Wang, J. Stueckler and D. Cremers: Deep Virtual Stereo Odometry: Leveraging Deep Depth Prediction for Monocular Direct Sparse Odometry. European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) 2018.
27 MLG-VSLAM
This method uses stereo information.
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.93 % 0.0028 [deg/m] 0.8 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
28 LIMO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 0.93 % 0.0026 [deg/m] 0.2 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Graeter, A. Wilczynski and M. Lauer: LIMO: Lidar-Monocular Visual Odometry. ArXiv e-prints 2018.
29 Stereo DSO
This method uses stereo information.
 0.93 % 0.0020 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 3.4 Ghz (C/C++)
R. Wang, M. Schw\"orer and D. Cremers: Stereo dso: Large-scale direct sparse visual odometry with stereo cameras. International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Venice, Italy 2017.
30 MLG-SLAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.96 % 0.0034 [deg/m] 0.5 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
31 ROCC
This method uses stereo information.
 0.98 % 0.0028 [deg/m] 0.3 s 2 cores @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Buczko and V. Willert: How to Distinguish Inliers from Outliers in Visual Odometry for High-speed Automotive Applications. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2016.
32 S4-SLAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.98 % 0.0044 [deg/m] 0.2 s 2 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
33 RIS
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.98 % 0.0026 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
34 KF-SLAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.00 % 0.0041 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
35 LiOd 1.01 % 0.0025 [deg/m] 1 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
36 IsaacElbrus
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.02 % 0.0023 [deg/m] 0.0095 s AGX Jetson Xavier (0.03s Jetson Nano)
37 DLO 1.02 % 0.0040 [deg/m] 0.1s 1 core @ 2.8 Ghz (C/C++)
38 S4OM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.03 % 0.0053 [deg/m] 0.15 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
39 NDT_LO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.05 % 0.0043 [deg/m] 0.15s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
40 SuMa++
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.06 % 0.0034 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
X. Chen, A. Milioto, E. Palazzolo, P. Gigu\`ere, J. Behley and C. Stachniss: SuMa++: Efficient LiDAR-based Semantic SLAM. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2019.
41 cv4xv1-sc
This method uses stereo information.
 1.09 % 0.0029 [deg/m] 0.145 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Persson, T. Piccini, R. Mester and M. Felsberg: Robust Stereo Visual Odometry from Monocular Techniques. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium 2015.
42 VINS-Fusion
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.09 % 0.0033 [deg/m] 0.1s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
T. Qin, J. Pan, S. Cao and S. Shen: A General Optimization-based Framework for Local Odometry Estimation with Multiple Sensors. 2019.
43 FPVO
This method uses stereo information.
 1.10 % 0.0023 [deg/m] 0.08 s 4 cores @ 2.3 Ghz (C/C++)
44 MonoROCC
This method uses stereo information.
 1.11 % 0.0028 [deg/m] 1 s 2 cores @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Buczko and V. Willert: Monocular Outlier Detection for Visual Odometry. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2017.
45 ISRI_CVH 1.12 % 0.0029 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
46 ISRI_VO 1.13 % 0.0030 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
47 DEMO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.14 % 0.0049 [deg/m] 0.1 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Zhang, M. Kaess and S. Singh: Real-time Depth Enhanced Monocular Odometry. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2014.
48 ORB-SLAM2
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.15 % 0.0027 [deg/m] 0.06 s 2 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
R. Mur-Artal and J. Tard\'os: ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Cameras. IEEE Transactions on Robotics 2017.
49 ElbrusFast
This method uses stereo information.
 1.15 % 0.0032 [deg/m] 0.018 s 1.5 cores @ 3.3 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Slepichev, M. Smirnov, E. Vendrovsky and S. Volodarskiy: Realtime Stereo Visual Odometry. .
50 NOTF
This method uses stereo information.
 1.17 % 0.0035 [deg/m] 0.45 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Deigmoeller and J. Eggert: Stereo Visual Odometry without Temporal Filtering. German Conference on Pattern Recognition (GCPR) 2016.
51 FSMVO 1.18 % 0.0022 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
52 S-PTAM
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.19 % 0.0025 [deg/m] 0.03 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
T. Pire, T. Fischer, G. Castro, P. De Crist\'oforis, J. Civera and J. Jacobo Berlles: S-PTAM: Stereo Parallel Tracking and Mapping. Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) 2017.
T. Pire, T. Fischer, J. Civera, P. Crist\'{o}foris and J. Jacobo-Berlles: Stereo parallel tracking and mapping for robot localization. IROS 2015.
53 S-LSD-SLAM
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.20 % 0.0033 [deg/m] 0.07 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Engel, J. St\"uckler and D. Cremers: Large-Scale Direct SLAM with Stereo Cameras. Int.~Conf.~on Intelligent Robot Systems (IROS) 2015.
54 VoBa
This method uses stereo information.
 1.22 % 0.0029 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Tardif, M. George, M. Laverne, A. Kelly and A. Stentz: A new approach to vision-aided inertial navigation. 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, October 18-22, 2010, Taipei, Taiwan 2010.
55 STEAM-L WNOJ
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.22 % 0.0058 [deg/m] 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
T. Tang, D. Yoon and T. Barfoot: A White-Noise-On-Jerk Motion Prior for Continuous-Time Trajectory Estimation on SE (3). arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.06518 2018.
56 LiViOdo
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.22 % 0.0042 [deg/m] 0.5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Graeter, A. Wilczynski and M. Lauer: LIMO: Lidar-Monocular Visual Odometry. ArXiv e-prints 2018.
57 SLUP
This method uses stereo information.
 1.25 % 0.0041 [deg/m] 0.17 s 4 cores @ 3.3 Ghz (C/C++)
X. Qu, B. Soheilian and N. Paparoditis: Landmark based localization in urban environment. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2017.
58 STEAM-L
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.26 % 0.0061 [deg/m] 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
T. Tang, D. Yoon, F. Pomerleau and T. Barfoot: Learning a Bias Correction for Lidar- only Motion Estimation. 15th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV) 2018.
59 FRVO
This method uses stereo information.
 1.26 % 0.0038 [deg/m] 0.03 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
W. Meiqing, L. Siew-Kei and S. Thambipillai: A Framework for Fast and Robust Visual Odometry. IEEE Transaction on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2017.
60 RTAB-Map
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.26 % 0.0026 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Labb\'e and F. Michaud: RTAB-Map as an open-source lidar and visual simultaneous localization and mapping library for large-scale and long-term online operation. Journal of Field Robotics 2019.
61 ORBVB code 1.26 % 0.0029 [deg/m] 0.06 s 2 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
62 A-LOAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 1.26 % 0.0034 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
63 MIGP 1.28 % 0.0022 [deg/m] 0.2 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
64 CyberSLAM 1.28 % 0.0040 [deg/m] 0.07 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
65 MFI
This method uses stereo information.
 1.30 % 0.0030 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.2 Ghz (C/C++)
H. Badino, A. Yamamoto and T. Kanade: Visual Odometry by Multi-frame Feature Integration. First International Workshop on Computer Vision for Autonomous Driving at ICCV 2013.
66 FDTAM 1.31 % 0.0023 [deg/m] 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
67 G-LOAM 1.36 % 0.0041 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
68 TLBBA
This method uses stereo information.
 1.36 % 0.0038 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 Core @2.8GHz (C/C++)
W. Lu, Z. Xiang and J. Liu: High-performance visual odometry with two- stage local binocular BA and GPU. Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 2013 IEEE 2013.
69 2FO-CC
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.37 % 0.0035 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
I. Krešo and S. Šegvić: Improving the Egomotion Estimation by Correcting the Calibration Bias. VISAPP 2015.
70 SALO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.37 % 0.0051 [deg/m] 0.6 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Kovalenko, M. Korobkin and A. Minin: Sensor Aware Lidar Odometry. 2019 European Conference on Mobile Robots (ECMR) 2019.
71 SuMa
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.39 % 0.0034 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Behley and C. Stachniss: Efficient Surfel-Based SLAM using 3D Laser Range Data in Urban Environments. Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS) 2018.
72 ProSLAM
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.39 % 0.0035 [deg/m] 0.02 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Schlegel, M. Colosi and G. Grisetti: ProSLAM: Graph SLAM from a Programmer's Perspective. ArXiv e-prints 2017.
73 JFBVO
This method uses stereo information.
 1.43 % 0.0038 [deg/m] 0.05 s 1 core @ 3.4 Ghz (C/C++)
74 DQV-SLAM
This method uses stereo information.
 1.47 % 0.0051 [deg/m] 0.2 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
S. Bultmann, K. Li and U. Hanebeck: Stereo Visual SLAM Based on Unscented Dual Quaternion Filtering. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion 2019) 2019.
75 StereoSFM
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.51 % 0.0042 [deg/m] 0.02 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
H. Badino and T. Kanade: A Head-Wearable Short-Baseline Stereo System for the Simultaneous Estimation of Structure and Motion. IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Application 2011.
76 ANM 1.51 % 0.0070 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
77 Leso 1.57 % 0.0050 [deg/m] 0.05 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
78 SSLAM
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.57 % 0.0044 [deg/m] 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
F. Bellavia, M. Fanfani, F. Pazzaglia and C. Colombo: Robust Selective Stereo SLAM without Loop Closure and Bundle Adjustment. ICIAP 2013 2013.
F. Bellavia, M. Fanfani and C. Colombo: Selective visual odometry for accurate AUV localization. Autonomous Robots 2015.
M. Fanfani, F. Bellavia and C. Colombo: Accurate Keyframe Selection and Keypoint Tracking for Robust Visual Odometry. Machine Vision and Applications 2016.
79 RLCLM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.59 % 0.0053 [deg/m] 0.08 s 8 core @ 3.4 Ghz (C/C++)
80 ICP SLAM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.61 % 0.0061 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
81 VOLDOR 1.65 % 0.0050 [deg/m] 0.1 s GPU
82 ORB-SLAM2 Stereo 1.70 % 0.0028 [deg/m] 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
83 test 1.72 % 0.0054 [deg/m] 0.1 s test
84 ORB-SLAM2 S(w/oLC) 1.74 % 0.0030 [deg/m] 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
85 ORB-SLAM2 Stereo (w/ 1.74 % 0.0030 [deg/m] 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
86 vd 1.75 % 0.0056 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
87 eVO
This method uses stereo information.
 1.76 % 0.0036 [deg/m] 0.05 s 2 cores @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Sanfourche, V. Vittori and G. Besnerais: eVO: A realtime embedded stereo odometry for MAV applications. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2013.
88 Stereo DWO
This method uses stereo information.
 code 1.76 % 0.0026 [deg/m] 0.1 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Huai, C. Toth and D. Grejner-Brzezinska: Stereo-inertial odometry using nonlinear optimization. Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2015) 2015.
89 BVO 1.76 % 0.0036 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5GHz (Python)
F. Pereira, J. Luft, G. Ilha, A. Sofiatti and A. Susin: Backward Motion for Estimation Enhancement in Sparse Visual Odometry. 2017 Workshop of Computer Vision (WVC) 2017.
90 D6DVO
This method uses stereo information.
 2.04 % 0.0051 [deg/m] 0.03 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Comport, E. Malis and P. Rives: Accurate Quadrifocal Tracking for Robust 3D Visual Odometry. ICRA 2007.
M. Meilland, A. Comport and P. Rives: Dense visual mapping of large scale environments for real-time localisation. ICRA 2011.
91 PMO / PbT-M2 2.05 % 0.0051 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
N. Fanani, A. Stuerck, M. Ochs, H. Bradler and R. Mester: Predictive monocular odometry (PMO): What is possible without RANSAC and multiframe bundle adjustment?. Image and Vision Computing 2017.
92 GFM code 2.12 % 0.0056 [deg/m] 0.03 s 2 cores @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
Y. Zhao and P. Vela: Good Feature Matching: Towards Accurate, Robust VO/VSLAM with Low Latency. submitted to IEEE Transactions on Robotics 2019.
93 SSLAM-HR
This method uses stereo information.
 code 2.14 % 0.0059 [deg/m] 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
F. Bellavia, M. Fanfani, F. Pazzaglia and C. Colombo: Robust Selective Stereo SLAM without Loop Closure and Bundle Adjustment. ICIAP 2013 2013.
F. Bellavia, M. Fanfani and C. Colombo: Selective visual odometry for accurate AUV localization. Autonomous Robots 2015.
M. Fanfani, F. Bellavia and C. Colombo: Accurate Keyframe Selection and Keypoint Tracking for Robust Visual Odometry. Machine Vision and Applications 2016.
94 FTMVO 2.24 % 0.0049 [deg/m] 0.11 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
H. Mirabdollah and B. Mertsching: Fast Techniques for Monocular Visual Odometry . Proceeding of 37th German Conference on Pattern Recognition (GCPR) 2015 .
95 PbT-M1 2.38 % 0.0053 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
N. Fanani, M. Ochs, H. Bradler and R. Mester: Keypoint trajectory estimation using propagation based tracking. Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2016.
N. Fanani, A. Stuerck, M. Barnada and R. Mester: Multimodal scale estimation for monocular visual odometry. Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2017.
96 VISO2-S
This method uses stereo information.
 code 2.44 % 0.0114 [deg/m] 0.05 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Geiger, J. Ziegler and C. Stiller: StereoScan: Dense 3d Reconstruction in Real-time. IV 2011.
97 MLM-SFM 2.54 % 0.0057 [deg/m] 0.03 s 5 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
S. Song and M. Chandraker: Robust Scale Estimation in Real-Time Monocular SFM for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2014.
S. Song, M. Chandraker and C. Guest: Parallel, Real-time Monocular Visual Odometry. ICRA 2013.
98 GT_VO3pt
This method uses stereo information.
 2.54 % 0.0078 [deg/m] 1.26 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
C. Beall, B. Lawrence, V. Ila and F. Dellaert: 3D reconstruction of underwater structures. IROS 2010.
99 PeNet 2.54 % 0.0089 [deg/m] 0.1 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
100 RMCPE+GP 2.55 % 0.0086 [deg/m] 0.39 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Mirabdollah and B. Mertsching: On the Second Order Statistics of Essential Matrix Elements. Proceeding of 36th German Conference on Pattern Recognition 2014.
101 LKNMVO 2.66 % 0.0079 [deg/m] 0.3 s GPU @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
102 VO3pt
This method uses stereo information.
 2.69 % 0.0068 [deg/m] 0.56 s 1 core @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Alcantarilla: Vision Based Localization: From Humanoid Robots to Visually Impaired People. 2011.
P. Alcantarilla, J. Yebes, J. Almazán and L. Bergasa: On Combining Visual SLAM and Dense Scene Flow to Increase the Robustness of Localization and Mapping in Dynamic Environments. ICRA 2012.
103 TGVO
This method uses stereo information.
 2.94 % 0.0077 [deg/m] 0.06 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Kitt, A. Geiger and H. Lategahn: Visual Odometry based on Stereo Image Sequences with RANSAC-based Outlier Rejection Scheme. IV 2010.
104 OISEL 3.02 % 0.0132 [deg/m] 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
105 VO3ptLBA
This method uses stereo information.
 3.13 % 0.0104 [deg/m] 0.57 s 1 core @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Alcantarilla: Vision Based Localization: From Humanoid Robots to Visually Impaired People. 2011.
P. Alcantarilla, J. Yebes, J. Almazán and L. Bergasa: On Combining Visual SLAM and Dense Scene Flow to Increase the Robustness of Localization and Mapping in Dynamic Environments. ICRA 2012.
106 PLSVO
This method uses stereo information.
 3.26 % 0.0095 [deg/m] 0.20 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
R. Gomez-Ojeda and J. Gonzalez- Jimenez: Robust Stereo Visual Odometry through a Probabilistic Combination of Points and Line Segments. Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2016 IEEE International Conference on 2016.
107 NO_OISEL 3.45 % 0.0144 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
108 BLF 3.49 % 0.0128 [deg/m] 0.7 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Velas, M. Spanel, M. Hradis and A. Herout: CNN for IMU Assisted Odometry Estimation using Velodyne LiDAR. ArXiv e-prints 2017.
109 CFORB
This method uses stereo information.
 3.73 % 0.0107 [deg/m] 0.9 s 8 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Mankowitz and E. Rivlin: CFORB: Circular FREAK-ORB Visual Odometry. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.05257 2015.
110 VOFS
This method uses stereo information.
 3.94 % 0.0099 [deg/m] 0.51 s 1 core @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Kaess, K. Ni and F. Dellaert: Flow separation for fast and robust stereo odometry. ICRA 2009.
P. Alcantarilla, L. Bergasa and F. Dellaert: Visual Odometry priors for robust EKF-SLAM. ICRA 2010.
111 UnDFVO 4.03 % 0.0096 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
112 VOFSLBA
This method uses stereo information.
 4.17 % 0.0112 [deg/m] 0.52 s 1 core @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Kaess, K. Ni and F. Dellaert: Flow separation for fast and robust stereo odometry. ICRA 2009.
P. Alcantarilla, L. Bergasa and F. Dellaert: Visual Odometry priors for robust EKF-SLAM. ICRA 2010.
113 CUDA-EgoMotion 4.36 % 0.0052 [deg/m] .001 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
A. Aguilar-González, M. Arias- Estrada, F. Berry and J. Osuna-Coutiño: The Fastest Visual Ego-motion Algorithm in the West. Microprocessors and Microsystems 2019.
114 BCC 4.59 % 0.0175 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Velas, M. Spanel, M. Hradis and A. Herout: CNN for IMU Assisted Odometry Estimation using Velodyne LiDAR. ArXiv e-prints 2017.
115 EB3DTE+RJMCM 5.45 % 0.0274 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
Z. Boukhers, K. Shirahama and M. Grzegorzek: Example-based 3D Trajectory Extraction of Objects from 2D Videos. Circuits and Systems for Videos Technology (TCSVT), IEEE Transaction on 2017.
Z. Boukhers, K. Shirahama and M. Grzegorzek: Less restrictive camera odometry estimation from monocular camera. Multimedia Tools and Applications 2017.
116 LVT
This method uses stereo information.
 5.80 % 0.0065 [deg/m] 0.02 s 2 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
117 Self-M code 6.42 % 0.0109 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
118 FDVLO 7.10 % 0.0215 [deg/m] 0.15 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
119 Long-term SfM 7.40 % 0.0142 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
120 VISO2-M + GP 7.46 % 0.0245 [deg/m] 0.15 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Geiger, J. Ziegler and C. Stiller: StereoScan: Dense 3d Reconstruction in Real-time. IV 2011.
S. Song and M. Chandraker: Robust Scale Estimation in Real-Time Monocular SFM for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2014.
121 unscene 8.68 % 0.0227 [deg/m] 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
122 BLO 9.21 % 0.0163 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Velas, M. Spanel, M. Hradis and A. Herout: CNN for IMU Assisted Odometry Estimation using Velodyne LiDAR. ArXiv e-prints 2017.
123 PJ-test 11.79 % 0.0069 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
124 VISO2-M code 11.94 % 0.0234 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Geiger, J. Ziegler and C. Stiller: StereoScan: Dense 3d Reconstruction in Real-time. IV 2011.
125 MonoDepth2 code 12.59 % 0.0312 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
126 MTL
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 14.95 % 0.0115 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
127 CC code 16.06 % 0.0320 [deg/m] 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
128 OABA 20.95 % 0.0135 [deg/m] 0.5 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Frost, O. Kähler and D. Murray: Object-Aware Bundle Adjustment for Correcting Monocular Scale Drift. Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 2012.
129 3DC-VO 21.00 % 0.0394 [deg/m] 0.04 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
130 DeepVO 24.55 % 0.0489 [deg/m] 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
Table as LaTeX | Only published Methods


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Citation

When using this dataset in your research, we will be happy if you cite us:
@INPROCEEDINGS{Geiger2012CVPR,
  author = {Andreas Geiger and Philip Lenz and Raquel Urtasun},
  title = {Are we ready for Autonomous Driving? The KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite},
  booktitle = {Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  year = {2012}
}



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